The World Of Waiters Book Review - 1863 Words

The World of Waiters Book Review Jacob Jenkins The Ohio State University Abstract This book begins with the author examining why he chose the hotel industry, narrowing down the ethical dilemma in gathering the information needed to conduct the research. The author describes what service is and gives the reader a chance to understand the various relationships involved in a dining experience, whether it be behind the scenes or merely out in the dining area. Narrowing further, the author examines the service given to customers; looking at the serving style of whether to treat the customer as a friend or as a professional, and observing who gets the upper hand, the waiter or customer. Finally, the book wraps up the†¦show more content†¦In this review, we will look at the strengths and weaknesses of the book, the overall opinion of what the book tells the reader, and discuss the relation to class concepts. Strengths and Weaknesses The author makes clear his ethical dilemma in the research process. For example, when they first started their research, they struggled to evaluate the discretion level given to those they were researching. Either Nicod could tell the truth about why he was there or he could not say anything in order to record honest behavior. If Nicod decided to pursue the former, then he could have recorded bias behavior because they did research and found that management and staff showed â€Å"hostility to outsiders, and particularly to researchers (Mars Nicod, 1984, p. 14). Given the type of research and how it would affect the behavior and be limited to only the coworkers who had nothing to hide or limited loss to exposure. Ultimately, they concluded that they would proceed with undercover research. They further explain that they â€Å"have done little or nothing to damage our subjects’ personal reputations, because every effort has been made to mitigate the et hical offence. In the first place, we have omitted names and changed other irrelevant facts to protect the identity, and therefore the privacy, of those involved† (p. 14). Another strength was that the examination really let the reader dive into this world and can process what the waiter is thinking, how they control

The Fragile Ecological Existence Of The U.s. Southwest

The fragile ecological existence of the U.S. Southwest is complicated by the presence of endangered migratory species who naturally move across our borders, including gray wolves and jaguars. The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 entrenched social rules regarding immigration and border security installed through the Illegal Immigration Act and Immigrant Responsibility Act. This and the Real ID Act allow border patrol to further diminish chances of survival for endangered species, by granting waivers of the Endangered Species Act and NEPA, in order to secure our borders. This is an analysis of the complex social needs coinciding with decisions regarding border activity along the U.S.-Mexico border, specifically the Arizona portion†¦show more content†¦Even if the lands are protected, they are not safe from the ecological burden of protecting our borders. Due to changes in legislation the Border Patrol Agency is exempt from stringent environmental laws. This is true in a ny of the areas surrounding the border, and they are looking to expand the radius of exemption, to better protect our borders. The Defenders of Wildlife, the Sierra Club, and the Northern Jaguar Project are looking to reinstall a social rule which the United States already implemented with the Endangered Species Act. This legislation created the social rule that no species should be forced into extinction due to human activities. Riders on the Illegal Immigration Act and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 and the Real ID act of 2005 allowed this social rule to become obsolete. Social rules changes in favor of the environment occur when the public is largely in support for saving the environment. However this support can be splintered by another need of the country especially when the opposing discourse has a crisis wave to ride. This case shows how the issue of border security triumphs environmental needs due to the pertinence of immigration reform along with the crisis impact cau sed by the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Theory: Environmentally beneficial social rule changes occur when the public is in favor of protecting the environment, the task delegated to

Tv Series N Fashion Free Essays

Television is a cultural reference point for most of us, a type of shorthand that makes it easy to carry on a conversation. Columnist Ellen Goodman wrote that to those born since the baby boom of the late ‘40s, â€Å"All history begins with television. † We compare ourselves to those on TV; we change how we dress and cut our hair and talk based on the latest television trend. We will write a custom essay sample on Tv Series N Fashion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Viewers pick up catch phrases and turn them into side-splitting party parodies that in turn become part of our culture. For decades, almost ever since the inception of the television, the two have seemed to influence each other. In the ’60s, Jacqueline Kennedy was seen as a fashion icon after bringing style to the White House. News reports focused almost as much on her wardrobe as on her husband’s dealings as president of the country. Diane Keaton brought thrift store couture to a whole new level with her now-famous â€Å"Annie Hall† look of menswear with a twist of femininity and Madonna changed the way the world viewed undergarments worn as clothing with her videos on MTV in the ’80s. Today’s small-screen fashion icons range from the geek chic of the â€Å"Ugly Betty† characters to the vampire- and dark-influenced â€Å"True Blood† to the retro teachers and students on the ever-popular â€Å"Glee† to the chic girls on â€Å"Gossip Girl. † â€Å"TV and fashion are inseparable,† said MeeAe Oh-Ranck, a fashion designer and professor at Philadelphia University and Pennsylvania College of Art Design in Lancaster city. â€Å"Some of the shows have had such a huge impact on sharing fashion with the world. â€Å" Shows like â€Å"Sex and the City,† â€Å"Ugly Betty† and â€Å"Glee† are at the top of Oh-Ranck’s fashion-influencing list. They illustrate how fashion and television help each other by making looks popular that may have been questioned in the past, she said. â€Å"Geek chic has become an acceptable form of fashion because of shows like ‘Ugly Betty,’ † said Oh-Ranck said. â€Å"It shows that being a geek is acceptable,† Oh-Ranck said. â€Å"It shows that there is fashion everywhere, and it’s up to each person to create her own style. The breakdown for the geek chic look is heavy glasses, braces, slim pants and mismatching colors and prints. (pic: famous tv sitcom – Ugly Betty) Another popular look stolen from the small screen is the â€Å"Gossip Girl† glam of a layered casual look with funky accessories and cocktail dresses. Park City Center store Charlotte Russe carries the Eric Daman for Charlotte Russe c ollection, which is actually designed by â€Å"Gossip Girl† stylist Eric Daman. The line features party dresses, shoes and accessories, according to a CW Network press release. The line was launched Oct. 4 and everything in it is priced under $50. According to David Hacker, vice president of trend and color for Kohl’s, â€Å"popular television shows like ‘Gossip Girl’ typically feature the most up-to-date looks and accessories which help viewers translate fashion forward, runway ensembles into hip, everyday looks. † For teens and 20-somethings, the jury is out on whether some of the TV characters’ fashions are acceptable or not. Recently, â€Å"Glee† and â€Å"Gossip Girl† stylists came under fire for the not-so-modest dresses and attire worn by many of the characters on the shows. Some of MTV’s shows have escaped the critical radar, even though the fashions are very similar and show just as much skin. â€Å"Feminine details, lace and embellishment rule the screen this holiday season,† Hacker said. â€Å"Take cues from Addison on ‘Private Practice’ or Rachel on ‘Glee’ and layer your lace and ruffle-trimmed top under a LC Lauren Conrad motorcycle jacket or cardigan to create a lingerie-inspired look. † However, the main fashion characters on â€Å"Glee† — Rachel and teacher Emma — are found on the conservative side of the spectrum with their classic, almost retro look. Rachel sports a prep-school inspired look during school scenes with girlie skirts, ruffles and fun, quirky accessories. Emma, the doe-eyed, red-head teacher, wears layers, pencil skirts, cropped cardigans and Mary Jane-inspired chunky heels. It’s during the musical acts that the tight, and sometimes revealing, clothes are worn by the characters and critics have questioned the appropriateness given the show airs at 8 p. m. , when the younger generations can still be exposed to the not-so-conservative clothes. Left is Rachel from the famous TV sitcom Glee, Right is Emma from Glee) Although many teens and 20-somethings look to TV and movies for fashion inspiration, Oh-Ranck encourages them to develop their own fashion sense and says it’s OK to use these characters as influence and inspiration, but that they should try to find a fashion voice of their own. â€Å"It’s great to borrow some of the pieces of these looks,† Oh-Ranck said. â€Å"But adapt it into yo ur own personal style and have fun with fashion. † Top 10 most influential Style and Fashion TV shows Pop culture in general has greatly influenced the styles and  fashion  of today. Popular TV shows in particular have helped mould the way fads and  trends  have evolved to what they are today. Below are some of the most influential shows that have set the tone for what’s in and what’s out in the fashion world. The Fashion Show This show offers viewers a chance to look into what will soon be hitting the runways from the hottest new designers. It incorporates the most popular up-and-coming designers and some friendly competition. Trends are born on every episode. Project Runway One of the pioneers in reality fashion is Project Runway with its iconic Tim Gunn and the ever-popular Heidi Klum. This show takes designers for a whorl wind adventure through the trials and tribulations of making it in the fashion industry. The audience gets to see first-hand where  style  comes from. What Not To Wear This series is a raw, in your face tour through what not to wear. Participant’s closets are stripped down to bare hangers and empty shelves and are forced to start with the basics with fashion experts coaching them the entire way. Informative and entertaining, this show gives you your ashion medicine for the day. Gossip Girl This hot and steamy series takes a look at the life and styles of affluent young people in New  York City. Aside from the drama and betrayal, this show exhibits the lattest styles directly from Fifth Ave. Keeping Up With The Kardashians The Kardashian clan has made a spectacle of themselves in many ways but fashion is a subject where t hey have excelled. The women of this show are decked out in the hottest trends from noon to night and spare no expense at parading around with their immaculate taste for fashion on permanent display. The Real Housewives Series Through the many series, the styles were as outlandish as the cat fights. Straight from the styles of the rich and wanna-be famous, the woman of all the seasons of The Real Housewives franchise showed viewers how to dress in style yet act like a bull in a china shop. America’s Next Top Model Although this series’ main focus is the journey of aspiring models, the fashion trends shown come in a close second. As they worked with the hottest designers on the market, these young woman flaunt fashions unlike anything you see window-shopping. Sex and The City Perhaps the most iconic fashion show of its time, Sex and The City paved the way for all trendy shows to come. With its varying styles amongst the women, this show presented New York trends in a way that felt as if we could all reach them one day. Fashion Star With a new spin on the traditional reality fashion show; this series gives designers the opportunity to showcase their lines for actual buyers from some of the biggest retails in the market. Fashion star gives viewers the ability to view what will be hot and what stores they can find their favourite styles at. How to cite Tv Series N Fashion, Essay examples

Doctor and Patient Relationship Essay Sample free essay sample

The doctor-patient relationship ever has been and will stay an indispensable footing of attention. in which high quality information is gathered and processs are made every bit good as provided. This relationship is a critical foundation to medical moralss that all physicians should try to follow and populate by. Patients must besides hold assurance in their doctors to swear the solutions and work about created to counter act certain unwellnesss and disease. Doctor-patient relationships can straight be observed in both the narratives and verse forms of Dr. William Carlos Williams every bit good as in the clinical narratives of Dr. Oliver Sacks. Both of these physicians have really similar and diverse relationships with multiple patients in term change the manner they go about clinically mending them. In the narratives of Dr. William Carlos Williams the reader relives the experiences of different patients through the eyes of Dr. W. C Williams. After each narrative the reader gets a clear apprehension of the feelings Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Doctor and Patient Relationship Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page W. C Williams as it is expressed in his authorship. One of the first stories the reader experiences is called â€Å"Mind and Body† . In this narrative Dr. W. C Williams is confronted with a disillusioned adult female named Ingrid. She comes to him because she believes that she is enduring from an early phase of malignant neoplastic disease. The relationship between the physician and patient is faintly seen as any kind of connexion. This is seen as throughout the reading. the speaker’s voice continually alterations between the physician and the patient ; this comes down to a unstable set of communicating. The adult female invariably changes subjects and continues to jog even as the physician is seeking to calculate out a diagnosing. Through the position of the physician. it is described that the adult female looks instead healthy and immature. This is a complete contrast to what the adult female is depicting how she feels. In this state of affairs it is hard to properly gather quality information to calculate out a solution when the relationship is non rather at that place. The following narrative â€Å"Use of Force† best describes the type of physician to patient relationship in this narrative. This reading is another illustration of what a physician to patient relationship should non be. What makes this narrative unlike the others is the patient is a really immature miss who is more frightened than disquieted on her status. The physician to patient relationship is based on a prevarication. The physician was unable to analyze his patient due to the immature miss non leting him to look into out her pharynx. In a despairing action the immature girl’s parents province â€Å"Look what you’ve done. The nice man†¦Ã¢â‚¬  disrupting the physician leap in stating. â€Å"Don’t name me a nice adult male to her. † ( pg58 Williams ) . At this point in the narrative. it shows that the relationship is based on a rigorous Doctor to child footing and there is an lone concern related belongings to work out her illness. The following narrative is called â€Å"The Girl with the Pimply Face† . W. C Williams comes to a house to look at a ill babe ; meanw hile the lone individual place is a immature miss. This state of affairs seems like a mystifier work outing job for the physician. As he comes to see the babe he asks the immature miss if there are any jobs with the babe ; in response the miss said she doesn’t know. The reader can experience his confusion as he states â€Å"†¦said the miss every bit fresh as pigment and looking approximately every bit apathetic as through it bad been no relation of hers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( pg43 Williams ) . This continues throughout the narrative as the physician asks inquiries he receives the same response of un-clarity and deficiency of desire. This narrative has a different signifier of physician to patient relationship. as the focal point of the narrative is on the immature miss who is non his patient. As shown in The Doctor Stories W. C Williams has many different types of physician to patient relationships. The most of import factor to work outing all of his patient’s conditions is focused on the relationship he makes with them. no affair how big or little of a connexion there is. The following series is a book called The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. a aggregation of clinical narratives by Oliver Sacks. Most of Oliver Sacks physician to patient relationships are really personal. The first narrative is titled the same as the book. The patient is a older adult male named Dr. P who suffers from a vision damage. but his unwellness lies further beneath the surface. Dr. P is a music instructor at a local school and music plays a immense influence in his life. Through the reading. it is shown how interested Dr. Oliver Sacks is in his relationship with Dr. P. Near the terminal of the narrative the patient asks Oliver Sacks what would he order for him and the response given is â€Å"†¦I would order. in a instance such as yours. is a life which consists wholly of music. † ( pg13 Sacks ) . This shows that the relationship between the physician and patient is based more on what the patient can associate to and happen easy to accommodate with. Next is a narrative called â€Å"Hands† . The narrative is based on a 60 twelvemonth old adult female named Madeline. a unsighted character that besides suffers from intellectual paralysis which leaved her un-capable to map with her custodies. Madeleine is so used to holding everyone do things for her. interim she still has feelings in her custodies ; Oliver so decides to non hunger her but allow her catch the nutrient on inherent aptitude to so shortly happen out she uses her custodies to catch a beigel. The manner the narrative ends is she begins to inquire for clay and casts what she in visions people’s faces and objects to look like and surprisingly comes out really near. It is as if one sense is lost the others increase in quality. This relationship is really similar to old narratives ; Oliver takes his relationship with his patient to a personal degree. The last narrative is called â€Å"On the Level† which is about a old adult male named Mr. MacGregor ; who appears to be absolutely all right besides he begins to lean when he walks. The unusual portion is the patient was incognizant of his behaviour until Dr. Oliver Sacks recorded his motion and played it back to him. What makes this narrative different than most instances is that Mr. MacGregor figured out his ain solution without Oliver Sacks. but would still convey Oliver into his thoughts and creative activities. At the terminal they built a balance in between his spectacless which would give him a ocular degree to do certain that when he would walk it would be straight. What makes Oliver Sack’s relationships with his patients different than most is he takes their unwellnesss and or defects and turns them into their best personal quality. As seen in both William Carlos Williams and Oliver Sacks medical narratives. the physician to patient relationship plays a major function on non merely the result but how to acquire at that place. From the narratives of â€Å"Use of Force† which made a state of affairs about impossible to â€Å"On the Level† in which nil was truly done on the physicians behalf to come to non merely a antic but memorable solution. With a great relationship quality replies and processs come of course between a physician and a patient. These grounds all underlay why physician to patient relationships are a footing to positive disposal of medical specialty.

What is Hinduism an Example by

What is Hinduism? Hinduism is a religious belief observed by millions of people all over the world. It has been established thousands of years ago, making it one of the oldest religions in the world. (BBC) In addition, the population of advocates who support Hinduism is massive, thus making it the third largest religion in the world. (Religious Tolerance) It is said to have originated in India, however it has not been recognized to any person based on its creation and development. (Das) Need essay sample on "What is Hinduism?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Early History of Hinduism Hinduism has been traced to emerge during 3000 BCE, and its practice have been prominent in placed such as Punjab valley, Indus valley, and Mohenjo-Daro among others. The people within these communities practiced Hinduism. They also have a distinct set of beliefs and practices that were present during their time. For instance, religious practices such as worship were done beside the rivers, around fires, etc. However, time has changed these practices and found its way to learning all the different religious practices in the past and fuse it together to make a single religious practice. (BBC) Hinduism was also influenced by other religions such as Jainism and Buddhism. The emergence of these religions influenced the formation of Hinduism later on. After the establishment of Hinduism, several religions also influenced the traditions and ideas that lays the foundation of the religion. For instance, Islamic practices such as the mystical traditions and beliefs have the same ideologies with that of Hinduism, despite their conflicts in territory and expansion. (BBC) Aside from the influences of other religious factions, Hinduism was also influenced by Western traditions. Missionaries attempted to convert followers of Hinduism into Christianity. However, this only angered and challenged the Hindu population, thus pushing them to restore the old Hinduism faith. The revival of Hinduism took place during this time. Old practices and traditions were relearned and implemented. (BBC) Beliefs and Practices The Hindu practice believes in a single god, whom they call Brahman. They believe that he was the one who created the universe and all the living things that inhabit it. However, several factions within the religion worship different gods. Three groups are divided according to the god that they worship. For instance, one group worships Vishnu. Another group worships Shiva. The third group worships a mother goddess, whom they call Shakti. These three gods are believed to be united in one, and that is Brahman. (BBC) The practice of Hindu rituals and traditions are observed and taught even before the conception and birth of a child. For instance, there are prayers for parents in order for them to be able to guide and protect their children. There are also several ceremonies such as the welcoming of the newly born child, a ceremony for naming the child, and even ceremonies before the childs ears are pierced or before his hair is cut. (BBC) The unique characteristic of Hinduism is that it believes in reincarnation. They believe that when people die, they come back to the world in a completely different form. In addition, ones behavior or morals where predict whether one will become something or someone that is good or desirable in the next life. For instance, people who have been behaving badly will become undesirable creatures in the next life. While people who have been good to themselves and to others will be reflected in ones life after death. Moreover, reincarnation depends on the caste system. (Contender Ministries) The aim of believing in Hinduism and practicing their beliefs and traditions is to achieve nirvana. Nirvana is the highest state of being wherein one is untied from the cycle of reincarnation. This happens when one fulfills all his duties and responsibilities to his family and society. Meditation is also instrumental in achieving salvation, thus leading to eternal peace and state of mind, as embodied in the principle of nirvana. Through meditation, one is liberated from ignorance and is enlightened with knowledge and wisdom. Lastly, the road to nirvana entails self-sacrifice and surrender. People who practice Hinduism must be able to submit to the gods through worship and rituals, and being able to exist in this world within the path of god. (Contender Ministries) Different Denominations Hinduism has four main denominations and the other three are mentioned above. The denominations of Hinduism depend the god that they worship, the doctrine that they follow, and the beliefs and traditions that they wish to practice. For instance, the Vaishnavas worship Vishnu. They also value devotion to their god. Shaivas worship the most popular god in India who is Shiva. Shaivas practices are mostly based on meditation and gaining knowledge. (The Heart of Hinduism) Shaktas worship Shakti, wherein sexual relations is utilized in order to connect with the god (Dominguez). The doctrine of the Shaktas believe in the power of action that is in doing well to others. The last denomination of Hinduism is called Smarta. Smartas worship five gods. Like the Shaivas, the Smartas value knowledge and meditation. (The Heart of Hinduism) The Gods and Godesses Aside from the gods and the goddesses aforementioned, Hinduism also recognize gods and their mystical powers. For instance, they believe in Indras. Indras is the god of storms who guides warriors in their quest to win over battles. Agni is the god of fire, and Varuna who is in charge over the order and the organization of the world. They also believe that Varuna is a wise god who always seeks the truth through moral views and reasoning. Varuna also knows the wishes, desires, and mysteries of man. (BBC) Sacred Texts Like all other religions, Hinduism also has sacred texts wherein all their beliefs, practices, traditions, and ideologies are written. Examples of these sacred texts include the Vedas, Upanishads, and Puranas. The Vedas is an old sacred text, which includes all songs and hymns, chants and prayers, and traditions and ritual practices. Like the Vedas, the Upanishads is an old sacred text wherein the philosophies of Hinduism are discussed. The Upanishads guides man in his quest to achieve Nirvana and establish a connection with Brahman. These shall be accomplished through continuous prayer and meditation. Lastly, the Puranas contains all information pertaining to the world. It contains the events in the past that led to the creation of the world, and includes its destruction. Other sacred texts, however less popular than the ones mentioned above include The Laws of Manu, The Sacred Laws of the Aryas, The Satapatha Brahmana, etc. (John Bruno Hare) Works Cited BBC. (2008). Religion Retrieved from BBC. March 23, 2008. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/ BBC. (2008). Early History. Retrieved from BBC. March 23, 2008. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/history/history_1.shtml BBC. (2008). Other Religious Influences. Retrieved from BBC. March 23, 2008. BBC. (2008). Personalities. Retrieved from BBC. March 23, 2008.

The Contract Holding Theory and Unincorporated Associations.

The Contract Holding Theory and Unincorporated Associations. Free Online Research Papers There is no precise legal definition of an ‘unincorporated association’, but according to Lawton LJ in Conservative Central Office v Burrell , there must be some mutual duties and obligations between the members of the association. The general idea seems to be that an unincorporated association will comprise of a group of individuals who attach themselves as members of the association in order to achieve some particular purpose. Unlike an incorporated company, an unincorporated association possesses no legal personality, it cannot be separate and distinct from its individual members, and so cannot be afforded the same rights and liabilities entitled to an independent person . Consequently, it cannot, generally speaking, hold donated property or assets unless the donation is for it’s purposes. If the purposes of the association are charitable under the provisions in section 14 of the Charities Act 1993 (to be replaced by similar provisions in the Charities Bill 2005), then the gift can be for charitable purposes and will therefore be valid. However, the problem of property holding in unincorporated associations arises where the association is formed for non-charitable purposes, since gifts to these associations must be held on trust, but the trust will be automatically void simply because the association has no legal personality and therefore cannot be a beneficiary under the trust . The idea that a trust must have someone to compel performance of it forms the basis of the beneficiary principle established by Grant MR in Morice v Bishop of Durham . In response, the courts have tried to avoid the effect of the beneficiary principle on non-charitable unincorporated associations in a variety of ways. The initial idea that a gift be interpreted as belonging to the members of the association is virtually redundant in today’s law, since it allows members to spend the assets however they like, and not specifically for the purposes of the association – which is more than likely what the donor intended (as noted in Leahy v Attorney-General for New South Wales ). There appear now to be only two significantly identifiable possibilities in overcoming the property holding problem. Firstly, the courts could construct a gift to an association as a gift for the benefit of the members, to be held on trust (Re Denley approach) , or alternatively, as a gift to the members to be held on the basis of the contractual obligations between them contained in the rules of the association (contract-holding theory ). The ‘Re Denley’ (or trust analysis) approach is really an exception to the beneficiary principle, rather than a direct solution to its consequences on non-charitable unincorporated associations, as it validates what would otherwise be an invalid private purpose trust as in (Re Endacott ). Nonetheless, since it does not infringe the beneficiary principle it can be a workable approach if the objects of the trust are certain . One of the main benefits of this approach is that gifts on trust will no doubt mirror the settlor’s intentions, however, this construction is weakened by its limitation only to inward looking associations – existing solely to promote the members interests. On the other hand, the contract-holding approach goes a step further than the Re Denley approach, in that it is also applicable to outward looking unincorporated associations, which operate to promote some external cause or purpose. This approach was duly followed in Re Recher’s Will Trusts , where Brightman J held that a gift to a non-charitable society could be construed as a gift to benefit the members of the association, subject to their contractual obligations contained in the rules of the association. In addition, the approach ensures that the settlor’s intentions are observed, insofar as it ties a contract over how the money is to be spent by the members. Comparison would, prima facie, suggest that the contract-holding theory is more advantageous as a solution to the property holding problems in unincorporated associations, particularly as the scope of its application is that much wider than the trust analysis approach. However, the contractual analysis approach is not without its flaws either. For one, the whole idea that the members hold trust property on the basis of their contractual obligations is evidently a risky one, since the members will always be free to alter the terms of the contract at a general meeting. Worst still, if this occurred, neither the donor nor his estate could do anything since s/he will not be privy to that contract if s/he is not a member of the association. In addition, following the decision in Re Bucks, the contract-holding approach implies that only existing members of the association can have entitlement to its assets on its dissolution. The resulting effect is that a newly acquired member of the association will acquire entitlement to the assets, even though no formal transfer has ever taken place with the previous member. This seems inappropriate; since it may well be that the settlor never intended this to be the case. Further, in reality, by the very informal nature of their construction, many unincorporated associations exist without contractual agreements between the members, and in such cases the contract-holding theory cannot operate. The need for a contract is also problematic when dealing with testamentary gifts, because, to put it simply, dead people cannot possibly contract. This problematic area within the contract holding theory has not gone without notice in the past, and it was noted by Brightman J in Re Recher’s Will Trusts , who commented in his judgment that: â€Å"†¦It would astonish a layman to be told that there was a difficulty in his giving a legacy to an unincorporated non-charitable society which he had, or could have, supported without trouble during his lifetime.† Application of the contract-holding theory also has its difficulties when deciding how any surplus property or assets should be distributed if an unincorporated association dissolves under a rule in Re William Denby Sons Ltd Sick and Benevolent Fund . In such instances, the courts can choose to hold the property on a resulting trust for the donors ; or give the property to the Crown as bona vacantia . However, these two options were disfavoured in Re Bucks Constabulary Widows’ and Orphans’ Fund Friendly Society (No.2) where the court took a more pragmatic approach, recognising that surplus property could be distributed equally between members. It follows that since the decision in Re Bucks, this is now the preferred method adopted by the courts, thereby supporting the use of the contract-holding theory. In spite, of its numerous imperfections, the courts still tend to favour contractual analysis over trust analysis when dealing with property holding, since cases such as Leahy(above), and Neville Estates(above) insinuate that Re Denley approach rarely works. Whatever the case, even where the contract-holding theory or the Re Denley trust construction can be used as a solution to the property-holding problem, they may still fall victim to the unforgotten ‘rule against perpetuities’ – which will make a potentially valid trust for property in an unincorporated association void if it can potentially last for more than 21 years after the death of the death of the specified objects in the trust . In conclusion, considering the array of problems within the contract-holding theory, it would not, in my opinion, be unfair to assert that it is in need of heavy reform, but in the interim I would agree that in light of the various other methods of construction of a ‘gift’ that the courts have adopted in the past, the contract-holding theory remains the best, and most workable, approach so far. There has been suggested by writers Hayton and Mitchell , that non-charitable purpose trusts held in unincorporated association should have an enforcer who will be able to take charge of the trust. This would undoubtedly solve the problem the contract-holding theory has in satisfying the beneficiary principle with regard to non-contractual members, thereby extending the scope of its application to non-contract situations. However, if there is no contract between the members there would be nothing to bind the appointed enforcer to his duties and obligations, and so, in practice this solution might prove to be wholly unworkable. BIBLIOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS Watt, Gary. Trusts and Equity. 2nd edn. Oxford University Press Martin, Jill. Hanbury and Martin: Modern Equity. 17th edn. Sweet Maxell Ltd Hayton and Mitchell. Cases and Commentary on Trusts and Equitable Remedies 12th edn. pp.201-6 Ramjohn, Mohammed. Unlocking Trusts (Unlocking Law). 2005 Hodder Education ARTICLES Emery (1982) 98 LQR 551 Warburton. ‘Holding of Property by Unincorporated Associations’ (1985) Conv. 318 WEBSITES Westlaw www.westlaw.co.uk Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org Research Papers on The Contract Holding Theory and Unincorporated Associations.The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office SystemArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Twilight of the UAWAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Quebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paper

Prophet Muhammad as a Religious and Political Role Model Essay - 6

Prophet Muhammad as a Religious and Political Role Model - Essay Example From the poor and needy to the rich and prosperous, the lonely and the weak, the students or teachers, the employer and employee, all of them, every person in every field of work or profession, they can all find inspiration in the life of Prophet Muhammad that entail an example for them to follow suit. Being a religious and political role model is a status that is founded on the Holy Quran as well as the Sunnah. Scholars of Islam have looked at this status of the Prophet and have concluded that the most effective manner is to look at the verses of the Sunnah and Holy Quran that demonstrate the Prophet’s status as a whole. It is from this exploration that things such as obeying the Prophet, believing in Him, agreeing with Him and following Him come to focus. From the Holy Quran, there are verses that refer to the Prophet as a role model. One verse, however, literally refers to Muhammad as a religious and political role model, and states thus: "Verily in the messenger of Allah you have a good example for him who looks unto Allah and the Last Day, and remembers Allah much." The original verse had the Arabic word use, which translates to model or example that should be followed and obeyed. Someone who follows another person is bound to imitate them, follow their style as well as attitudes, in the end identifying themselves with that person. According to the Islamic faith, this word meant being a role model and is also an aspect that is considered to be found in people who possess beauty, goodness and righteousness. This verse is a revelation of the significance of the Prophet’s Sunnah in the Muslim’s lives. It is also worth noting that according to the Holy Quran, Prophet Muhammad has a superior character and is one who exemplifies a perfect lifestyle worthy of emulating.

Boeing versus Airbus Subsidy Dispute Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Boeing versus Airbus Subsidy Dispute - Essay Example The new competitors were not able to survive in a market which was virtually the sole provider of the jets. To help develop a strong competitive foundation, the European governments starting providing substantial subsidies to Airbus for the development cost. The subsidies played important role in forcing the Lockheed out of the jetliner industry whereas Douglas merged with Boeing (Pelletier, 2010). Airbus eventually took the major share of the market and is providing more jetliners as compared to Boeing which raised the concern among the US. This led them to form an agreement at the WTO to reduce the subsidies to provide healthy competitive economic environment. The agreement at WTO clearly stated that both Boeing and Airbus can enjoy the direct governmental subsidies at 33% of the jetliner’s developmental costs. It also included the limitation on the subsidies provided by indirect programs or civilian or military institutions as well. In addition to these, many other limitati ons were imposed on the subsidies. However the market share for Airbus kept on increasing at a steady rate which again raised the concern for Boeing (Gunstone, 2010). ... The EU threatened to sue Japan for providing this help because without this help, the Boeing aircraft will be more expensive and less competitive. Both these companies in order to have the greater market share used the subsidies but didn’t really share the actual figure which leaves the global competitors and market very dubious over the certainty of their accusations. This case leaves the global market very vulnerable to violation of agreements and can create the dissatisfaction among the other jetliners in the competence and central position of WTA as well (Pelletier, 2010). Ethically, Boeing engaged in the aggressive pricing strategy with the help of unlimited subsidies affected the European jetliner Airbus by cutting their sales short, price and market suppression of Airbus in various markets of its hold. Secondly, Boeing terminated the WTO agreement on its own and filed the case against Airbus which was pretty much against the essence of the business. The agreement comes to an end by the mutual consent of both parties. In addition to this, both the companies have created duopoly which has left the market pervasive to other competitors which is strictly against the global business’s essence and practices. In addition to this, at this time when the successful industrialized countries should work towards trade liberalization, their subsidies wrangling will have the trickledown effect on the suppliers. The emerging economies look towards the industrialized economies for markets access (Newhouse, 2008). Culturally, the general inclination of US towards Japan in the greatest interest of their economies has created the clear biasness towards the

Global Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Financial Crisis - Essay Example Investments Banks in United States received a huge blow of the financial crisis for which they gradually disappeared from the financial scenario of the country (Kenc & Dibooglu, 2010, p. 3). The crisis of the mortgage market during 2007 rendered a huge impact on countering a decline in the value of the market price of large securities and other financial instruments held by the financial organizations of the world. Credit Crunch which happened in the American markets created a global turmoil by declining the value of debt instruments all over the world by restricting credit both on personalized and on organized levels. Thus the contagious effect of the financial credit crunch of America took the form of global financial crisis by ripping off the stability of the financial institutions on an international scale (Longstaff, 2010, p.436; Aronson, 2010, p. 276). Reasons for the Global Financial Crisis The main reason which is attributed to causing the event of global financial crisis in the global scenario is the effect of contagion. Contagion effect has been identified to generate similar shocks of financial breakdown in one economic system to other financial systems operating throughout the world mainly through three ways. In the first manner the potency of economic breakdown in one financial market is spread to other world economies through the information network. This information obtained can hugely affect the working of the economic system of the other countries largely jeopardizing them. Secondly the event of contagion also gains ground by disturbing the liquidity position of the financial assets of the other global economies. A strike imposed on the availability of financial liquidity through the system of credit in one economy also renders potential impact by curbing the amount of liquidity in other economies of the world. In the third case the contagious effect of the financial crisis in any developed region like America also weakens the desire and potenc y of other economies to enhance the risk portfolio in their financial system (Longstaff, 2010, p.438). Along with the above reasons there were several other causes like the selfish outlook of the micro factors of the financial system like the groups of investors, creditors, banks and other financial institutions. These economic groups were busy considering avenues to get the best of the financial system by drifting the financial and economic policies of the government in their favor. The impacts rendered by these systems led to the growth of credit generation in the economy of United States until it led to the final demise. Further the social policy outlines taken by the government of United States to help render huge credits to the poor people of the country to construct houses also led to the happening of the credit crunch. Huge amount of credit ushered in the economy with low amount of interest also led the banks to gain the advantage of such. The financial system of granting cre dit in America was managed by different agencies that used to set policies and regulations detrimental to the economic system of the country. These agencies were themselves not successful in rightly satisfying the responsibilities entrusted on them and mainly wanted to avail the favor of the intricacies of the government regulations pertaining to credit (Wignall & Atkinson, 2009, pp. 2, 5, 8; McNally, 2009, p. 36, 38). The opening up of the economic s

Non organic growth strategy

Non organic growth strategy Abstract : As microfinance industry has been growing rapidly, in many places the market of this sector becomes relatively mature and lies in competitive situation. Some of microfinance institutions start thinking, exploring and doing non organic growth strategies. This paper presents the idea of non organic growth strategies in microfinance whether through strategic alliances or mergers and acquisitions which can be a choice for achieving rapid growth and expansion. One of the key success factors in doing such strategies in microfinance could be the comprehensive assessment to the similarities and differences of organizations characteristics, such as their structure and culture. BACKGROUND In the recent years undoubtedly that microfinance has become a diverse and growing industry. This sector has been attracting many eyes for several reasons. One of the reasons can be said that on one side microfinance business is not only based on financial motive, but also on other side used as means for social development, as many called double bottom line principal. Many microfinance institutions (MFIs) have been placing and operating the business in the area where there has been potential market of microenterprises and low-income households. Consultative Group to Assist The Poor (2010) , broadly defined microfinance institution (MFI) is as an organization that deals with the provision of financial services mainly for the benefit of the poor. These organizations vary in their legal structure, mission, and methodology. Generally there are four categories of microfinance providers, namely informal, member-owned organizations, NGOs and Formal financial institutions ,such as Regulated MFI and Commercial Bank (Helms, 2006). All categories of those microfinance institutions are struggling to grow and survive in the arena. As the market is facing the maturity and fierce competition, many microfinance institutions keep trying to expand their portfolio by providing financial services to a larger number of clients while at the same time fulfilling an MFIs social mission. Some of them explore to alternative means for reaching rapid growth by formulating and doing better strategies. They have been trying to adapt non organic growth strategies whether through doing strategic alliances or mergers and acquisitions. Generally speaking in the world of business, we have been witnessing with a lot of examples of many firms achieving growth by creating alliances/collaboration with other parties and mergers and acquisitions. Both strategies are common done by many firms in the world since these can help the firms to covering each own weaknesses and combining each own different resources as well as facing challenges much more powerful. But in microfinance those two kind of strategies are still newly developed. In authors opinion, the issue of non organic growth strategy chosen by MFI whether they want to decide to do strategic alliance/collaboration or merger and acquisition is interesting due to the fact of unique characteristics of the players in microfinance arena as mentioned above. For example, we find that Microfinance Formal Financial Institution (MFIF) comparing to Microfinance NGO is more financially oriented rather than socially. In MFIF, the organization goals are always associated with the financial indicators and sales indicators. Whereas in microfinance NGOs are closely related to the non financial changes, particularly in the social changes of community, such as household income changes, effects of loan to women empowerment, health etc. These differences are very important to be understood considering that the differences inherent to those two institutions will affect to the successful or the failure of doing non organic growth strategic. Therefore,this paper presents the idea for MFIs, mainly for MFIF and Microfinance NGO types, in choosing such non organic growth strategies, whether they want to create a strategic alliance or merger and acquisition. The structure of this paper will be presented as follows : Section 1 provides the background regarding to authors opinion to raise the issue of non organic growth strategy in microfinance. The section 2 elaborates the conceptual background about the definition of strategic alliance and the merger and acquisition, and points out motives and diffrences behinds these strategies as well as the explanation of success keys. Then institutional features of players in microfinance arena is presented in the section 3. In the section 4, we try to give the idea to answer the question which strategy chosen by MFIs based on the different characteristics of those non organic growth strategies and distinctive features of microfinance institutions as explained in section 2 and 3, and thi s section leads to the conclusion as section 5. At the end references are appeared in the section 6. The limitation of this paper is not addressing the issue of alliances or mergers and acquisitions between MFIs which formed in informal and member-owned organizations or cooperatives. This paper only focuses on the basic idea of doing alliances or mergers and acquisition for MFIFs and NGOs form and doesnt explain quantitatively in details. Conceptual Background The words of organic growth and non-organic (external) growth are common known in the corporate growth discussion. Organic growth is usually defined as a companys growth rate excluding any scale increases from takeovers, acquisitions, or mergers. Growth of this type is also referred to as a companys core growth. Organic growth is generated, for example, by selling more product (services as well) to current customers, selling product to new customers, or selling product at a higher price ( Dalton and Dalton, 2006) .Whereas non organic growth obviously can be defined as a strategy to obtain companys growth through alliances, mergers and acquisition and takeovers. Many firms decide to do alliances /collaboration or merger acquisition to survive and to grow rather than to run business relying on the individual efforts. These non growth strategies are done by many firms to form powerful energy in managing difference resources owned by each party. As Zhiang et al (2009) notes that resources are heterogeneously distributed across firms, therefore some important internal resources can be obtained from external sources via inter organizational relationships such as alliances, or by engaging in mergers and acquisitions. Compared to internal development or organic growth, strategic alliances as well as mergers and acquisitions strategy is a much faster way to build organic capabilities. Strategic Alliances A strategic alliance is defined as an arrangement between two or more independent companies that decide to carry out a project or operate in a specific business area by coordinating the necessary skills and resources jointly rather than operating on their own or merging their operations (Dussauge et al,1999) . It can be a contractual arrangement to collaborate on one or all levels without any intended change in organization legal structure (McCarter, 2002). Strategic alliance occurs for a certain period of time whether short or long time. According to Koza and Lewin (1998), there are two main motivations for the decision of doing alliances, namely exploitative and exploratory. Exploitative means that in the agreed alliance, each party seeks to leverage their own resources and capabilities in order to enhance revenue or reduce cost, whereas exploratory each collaborating party willing to create new opportunities, markets, product and technologies. From the conceptual point of view, Sudarsanam (2003) lists some factors potentially conducive to successful alliances: Each party should bring complimentary skills, capabilities and market to the alliance Market overlap between partners should be minimal to avoid conflict of interest Alliance should be based on balance of business strength and ownership interest among partners The alliance must have a degree of autonomy with strong leadership and continual commitment and support The alliance must build up trust and confidence between the partners and not depend only contractual right and obligations Divergence of management styles and corporate culture must be handled with sensitivity, and a new common style and culture distinct. Merger and Acquisition Merger and acquisition is defined as the combination of two companies or firms to achieve certain strategic and business objectives forming a great significance transaction not only to the companies but also to many constituencies, such as share holder, workers, managers, competitors, communities as well as the economy as whole (Sudarsanam, 2003). Schoenberg (2003) notes that firms often use mergers and acquisitions in order to achieve such diverse strategic goals , for example, increasing market power, expanding to new product markets or geographical territories, or gaining access to valuable resources. From this point, even though it seems we can see that strategic alliance and mergers and acquistions have the similar purpose but we noticed that mergers and acquisitions may create some different change concerning the business, organization, ownership and legal status in the result company. Furthermore, Damodaran (2002) describes the term of merger,consolidation, tender offer, acquisition and buy out as all parts of merger and acquisition parlances, and a firm can be combined by another firm by 5 ways : Mergers , when a target firm become part of acquiring firm and stockholder approval needed from both firms. Consolidation, when target firm and acquiring firm become new firm and stockholder approval needed from both firms. Tender offer, when firm continues to exist, as long as there are dissident stockholders holding out. Successful tender offers ultimately become mergers and no shareholder approval is needed. Acquisition of asset , when target firm remains as shell company, but its assets are transferred to the acquiring firm and ultimately target firm is liquidated. Buy Out, when target firm continues to exist but as a private business usually accomplished with tender offer. There are several and diverse motives for mergers and acquisitions, Johnson et al (2005) grouped under three headings. They are environment, strategic capability and expectations: Environment. The need to keep up with a changing environment can dominate thinking about acquisitions. Some major aspects which influenced the changing environment are the need of business speed, competitive situation and deregulation. Strategic capability. Achieving cost efficiency, developing innovation and learning organization are some reasons behind mergers and acquisitions in many industries. Expectation. In some ways, stakeholders have highly expectation and interest to give insight for the growth of company. In this case, mergers and acquisition may be perceived by many stakeholders as a quick way to deliver companys growth. Mark and Mirvis (1993), from their research have summarized that one of the key success for establishing the desired combination between two companies is the assessment of two sides companys structures and cultures. They suggest that in mergers and acquisitions efforts, each party should be proactive in the pre combination phase; planning and preparation are integral to success when companies join forces At least there are different aspects to be taken into account carefully in steering a combination toward the successful path: purpose, partner, parameter and people. But it doesnt end up to the planning and preparation. The most important thing to be taken into account for achieving successful mergers and acquisitions is post-merger combination. All these efforts may help to overcome the most commonly cited reasons for failures: conflicting corporate cultures, over estimation of synergies, inadequate due diligence, slow/poor post-merger combination and poor leadership or management ( McCarter, 2002) The Differences From the explanation about two kinds of non organic growth strategy above, we can note the main difference between strategic alliances and mergers and acquisitions. It can be said that creating strategic alliances is not as difficult as mergers and acquisitions. It is because of making the mergers and acquisition work successfully is complicated process which involves not only putting two organizations together but also involves integrating people of two organizations with different cultures, attitudes and mindsets (Mallikarjunappa and Nayak, 2007). Meanwhile, in the strategic alliances, each company is still independent and it seems to need less effort in term of cost and time. Therefore, Reuer (1999) differentiates alliances and merger and acquisitions in four dimensions which strategic alliances may be preferred: Infeasibility: acquisition may not be feasible for regulatory, political or legal reasons. Information asymmetry : the partners have access to different information sets making it difficult to value their relative contributions Indigestibility: post mergers and acquisition integration of the acquirer and the acquired firms poses problems so severe as to prevent value creation from the acquisition. When indigestibility is substantial, alliances can be attractive because they allow companies to link their resources selectively. Even when acquired assets can be divested this alliance advantage remains. Strategic flexibility: it is more important than commitment of the partners. Now, how we relate this conceptual background of those strategy into the idea of impelementing these to the microfinance industry. However, we should better know the two kind of institutional features of microfinance as explained below. Institutional Features : MFIFs and MFI NGOs As mentioned in the previous page, there are some players in the microfinance arena and they obviously have different characteristics. However, there are basically two main different characteristics in the discussion about players in microfinance industry, namely for profit or financially oriented, and non profit or socially oriented The financially oriented institution, mainly private enterprises/ companies, could be Microfinance Formal financial institutions (MFIF) such as bank and regulated MFI or non bank financial institution. Mean while the socially oriented institutions, most of them are NGOs. What makes different between two types of MFIs? It may be better to look at a table presented by Estallo et al (2006) indicating the differences between private enterprise and NGO types: All these factors make different structure and culture of those two organizations. In the case of MFIs, another important distinctive feature between private MFIFs and MFI NGOs is concerning with the ownership. As Lauer (2008) stated that ownership structure is one of the critical issues to consider in the specific context of each type transformation of such institution. MFIs ownership structure encompasses the ensemble of mechanism by which stakeholders define and pursue the institution vision and mission and ensure its sustainability. Alliances or Merger and Acquisitions ? As whole, from the conceptual background section, we have seen that strategic alliances and mergers and acquisitions might have some similarities and some principally differences. In other section, we have also already known the main difference characteristics of the microfinance players. Then now it raises a question how does an MFI choose a choice between two? MFIF NGO Alliances There have been some evidences that alliances can help the collaborative firms or institution to expand its business. Strategic alliances are able to scale up access to financial services in rural areas in term of the outreach to new clients and markets as well as the introduction of new products (Gallardo et al, 2006). Rondinelli and London (2003) noted that Alliances, in fact, may be the only option for companies interested in accessing the knowledge held by (NGOs), since internal development of such expertise may be too costly, inefficient and time-consuming for most companies and merger with or acquisition of an (NGO) is highly unlikely. While Kramer and Kania (2006) also stated with a similar view that nonprofits often have much deeper comprehension to solve the social problems, which enables them to help companies determining comprehensive strategies and set more ambitious and goals. Strategic alliances are also important in the public sector as a means of addressing particula r social outcomes (Johnson et al, 2005). This also could happen in the alliance MFIF-NGO. Dahan et al (2009) gives examples of MFIF NGO strategic alliances. HSBC Amanah (HSBCs global Islamic banking division) has partnered with, an international development and relief organization, the Islamic Relief, to provide financial services to Muslims in accordance with Islamic Shariah law. Another example is In Dominica. MasterCard builds on an affinity card relationship with Banco Popular Dominicano and Asociacion para el Desarrollo de Microempresas, Inc. (ADEMI), a micro and small-scale lender .This partnership is aimed at providing unbankable entrepreneurs using MasterCard-ADEMI- BancoPopular Dominicano credit cards to withdraw cash and to pay utility and other bills in order to support the micro entrepreneurs in Dominica to run their business. However, this does not close the possibility of the combination between MFIF and NGO in mergers form. For example, McCarter (2002), gives two mergers between MFIF with NGO. In Nicaragua, the Interfin, a licensed Nicaraguan financier, in January 2000 merged with NGO Mennonite Economic Development Associates (MEDA) Chispa microcredit program, forming Financiera Confia. Another example in Guatemala, there was a merger between Bancasol, a local commercial bank, with ACCION Internationals affiliate NGO to form Genesis. Meanwhile in 2007, Sonata, a start up MFI in Northern India purchased of Jeevika Livelihood Support Organization to expand its microfinance operation (Tiwari and Chasnow, 2009). Mergers and Acquisitions between MFIF and MFIF or between NGO and NGO As stated on the previous page, making the mergers and acquisition work is complicated process rather than strategic alliances, but this doesnt mean that this strategy is far away from success. Mergers and acquisitions can be used by MFIs to create new capability to survive and achieve significance growth. Mergers and acquisitions are not only about the combination between two organizations which merely based on financial aspect but also the structure and culture of two organizations combined. It takes much more energy, cost and time. It may be the similarity of structure and culture of organization used as a good starting point to think about mergers and acquisitions in the arena of non growth strategy of MFIs. So doing MFIF-MFIF merger or NGO-NGO mergers is more appropriate combination than creating strategic alliances. However, it doesnt mean that MFIF-MFIF strategic alliances cannot be implemented to reduce the competition tension. There are some examples mergers and acquisition in the microfinance industry around the world as summarized and showed in the annex of this paper. Conclusion As the microfinance sector matures, non organic growth strategies mainly strategic alliances and mergers and acquisitions can be a choice for achieving rapid growth and expansion in microfinance. Of course, this effort actually is not easy to be implemented. But it is also not to say that making work such strategies is impossible to be realized. By analyzing the differences between two non organic growth strategies above as well as the different characteristics between MFIF and NGO, on the one hand we may conclude that strategic alliance will likely to be considered for both rather than mergers and acquisitions. However, this does not close the possibility of the combination between MFIF and NGO in mergers and acquisitions form. A strategic alliance between MFIF and NGOs is less effort in term of cost and time but still can result in the growth of the organization. On the other hand, mergers and acquisition can also be created for combining MFIF with MFIF or NGO with NGO. Some evidences showed that the similarity of the structure and culture of those organizations can be used as the good starting point to do mergers and acquisition. It is very important to be considered because mergers and acquisitions are not only about the marriage between two organizations which merely based on financial aspect but also the structure and culture of two organizations combined. One of the key success factors for the future microfinance non growth strategy should be based on the assessment of characteristics of the similarities and differences of organization (i.e structure and culture) before choosing strategic alliances or mergers and acquisitions strategy. For those microfinance organizations who intend to do a non growth organic strategy but both of them have highly different structure and culture, it may be a strategic alliance is more suitable to be created. But in the case, there are some similarities in term of organizations characteristics, merger and acquisition could be an option. REFERENCES Dussauge, O, Garrette B and Mitchell W (1999) Learning from Competing Partners: Outcomes and Duration of Scale and Link Alliances in Europe, North America and Asia, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 21, pp. 99-126. Damodaran, A. (2002), Investment Valuation , Tools and techniques for determining the value of any asset (2nd ed) , John Wiley and Son, New York. Dalton, D.R., and Dalton, Catherine M. (2006). Corporate growth: our advice to directors is to buy organic. Journal of Business Strategy, Vol .27 No.2, pp. 5-7. Dahan, Nicholas. M., Doh.Jonathan.P, Oetzel.J.,and Yazji.M.,(2009), Corporate-NGO Collaboration: co-creating new business models for developing markets, Long Range Planning. Estallo, Maria de L .A .G , Fuente., Fernando .G.D.L, and Miquela, C.G (2006), The Strategic Social Map of Nongovernmental Organization, International Advances in Economic Research, Vol.12 pp.105-114. Gallardo, J.,Goldberg,M. and Randhawa, B.,(2006), Strategic Alliances to Scale Up Financial Services in Rural Areas, World Bank Working Paper No.76, The World Bank, Washington D.C. Helms, Brigit. (2006), Access for All: Building Inclusive Financial Systems, World Bank, Washington DC. Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2005), Exploring Corporate Strategy. Text and Cases. Seventh Edition. Prentice Hall. Koza,M.P.,and Lewin A. (1998), The co-Evolution of Strategic Alliances, Organization Science, Vol.9,pp 255-264. Kramer, M. and Kania, J.,(2006),A New Role for Non Profit , Stanford Social Innovation Review, Vol.4 No.1 pp.32-41. Lauer, K., (2008), Transforming NGO MFIs: Critical Ownership Issues to Consider, CGAP Notes No.13. Marks.M.L, and Mirvis.P.L (1993), Making Mergers and Acquisitions Work : Strategic and Psychological Preparation, Academy of Management Executive, Vol.15 no.2 pp.80-94. McCarter, E. (2002), Tying the Knot: A Guide to Mergers in Microfinance , Catholic Relief Services. Mallikarjunappa, T., and Nayak,P., (2007) Why Do Mergers and Acquisitions Quite Often Fail? Association of Indian Management Scholars, Journal of Management , Vol.15 no.2 pp.80-94. Reuer,J.(1999), Collaborative strategy : The Logic of Alliances , Financial Times, Mastering Strategy series part 2. Rondinelli. D.A, and London, T.,(2003), How Corporations and Enviromental Group Cooperate : Assesing Sector Alliances and Collaborations, Academy of Management Executive, Vol.17 No.1 pp.62-76. Sudarsanam. S., (2003). Creating Value from Mergers and Acquisitions : The Challlenges, Prentice Hall, England. Schoenberg R.(2003). Mergers and acquisitions: Motives, value creation, and implementation. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Tiwari, A., and Chasnow.M.,(2009) ,A Closer Look at Consolidation: The Sonata-Jeevika Acquisition, Center for Microfinance, Insitute for Financial Management and Research, Chennai, India. Zhiang (John) Li, Haibin.Yang and Bindu, A (2009), Alliance Partners and Firm Partnership Resource Complimentary and Status Association, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.30 No.9 pp: 921-940. http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.26.1308/, Last accessed: March 18, 2010

Exhange Risk Faced by Multinational Corporations (MNCs) Essay -- Exhan

â€Å"Exchange rates are the amount of one country’s currency needed to purchase one unit of another currency (Brealey 1999, p. 625)†. People wanting to exchange some money for their vacation trip will not be too much bothered with shifts if the exchange rates. However, for multinational companies, dealing with very large amounts of money in their transactions, the rise or fall of a currency can mean getting a surplus or a deficit on their balance sheets. What types of exchange rate risks do multinational companies face?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One type of exchange risk faced by multinational companies is transaction risk. If a company sells products to an overseas customer it might be subject to transaction risk. If a UK company is expecting a payment from a US customer in June and the invoice was made in January, the exchange rate is bound to have changed during the period. If the deal was worth  £1,000,000 and the american dollar compared to pound sterling weakened from US$1.40 in January to US$1.50 in June, the UK company would loose  £47,619 (Appendix A).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economic risk is another type of exchange risks companies have to consider when dealing globally. Changes in exchange rates are bound to affect the relative prices on imports and exports, and that will again affect the competitiveness of a company. An UK exporter dealing with companies in the US would not want the US$ to depreciate, because it would make the exports more expensive for the US market, thus the company will loose business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other types of exchange rate risks are translation risk and so-called hidden risk. The translation risk relates to cases where large multinational companies have subsidiaries in other countries. On the financial statement of the whole group, the company may have to translate the assets and liabilities from foreign accounts into the group statement. The translation will involve foreign exchange exposure. The term hidden risk evolves around the fact that all companies are subject to exchange rate risks, even if they don’t do business with companies using other currencies. A company that is buying supplies from a local manufacturer might be affected of fluctuating foreign exchange rates if the local manufacturer is doing business with overseas companies. If a manufacturer goes out of business, or experience heavy losses, it will affect all the companies it does business with. The co... ...he curve. Appendix A. Transaction Risk:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A UK exporter invoicing US$1,000,000 in January for payment in June. Spot rates: January: US$1.40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £714,286   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  February: US$1.50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £666,667   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss on transaction:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £47,619 ( £714,286 -  £666,667) Appendix B. Interest Rates: i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A company borrows  £100,000 from a bank at 8% interest rate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ £100,000 X 1.08 =  £108,000 ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A company borrows  £2,000,000 in 1998, with a fixed interest rate of 8%, payable annually for a 5 year period. Fixed annual interest, 8%:  £2,000,000 X 0.08 =  £160,000 New annual interest, 6%:  £2,000,000 X 0.06 =  £120,000 Annual loss, 6% vs. 8%:  £160,000 -  £120,000 =  £40,000 References: http://www.expedia.com, 22/11/2000, http://www.expedia.com/pub/Agent.dll Brealey, Richard A., Marcus, Alan J., Myers, Stewart C. 1999, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 2nd edn, Craig S. Beytien, USA. Howells, Peter., Bain, Keith 2000, Financial Markets and Institutions, 3rd edn, Henry King Ltd., Great Britain. Ritter, Lawrence R., Silber, William L., Udell, Gregory F. 2000, Money, banking, and Financial Markets, 10th edn, USA.

Developments in the travel and tourism industry

Select two recent or current developments in the travel and tourism industry and explain how these developments have affected career opportunities and job roles within the industry. In this first part of the question, I will talk about how technology has affected careers and job roles within the travel & tourism industry. Technology has been the biggest development on the travel & tourism industry within the last ten years. It has allowed many companies to offer improved service to customers and help with the start up of many other businesses. Computers have been used for many years especially within the airline industry for tasks such as check in and ATC (Air Traffic Control), but now computers are being used in travel agents and tour operators. This could have affect on jobs, as computerisation will lead to less paper work. Computers are also used to access the Internet and customers are seeing the benefits of using this method of booking. Online booking also cuts out paying the travel agent commission; prices are also generally lower on the Internet. A new type of travel agent is appearing on the Internet, which specialises in e-commerce (electronic business) and example of this type of organisation is Expedia. Organisations such as this can be used to book all the principles of a holiday in one place. This also affects jobs, as only two or three people will need to be employed to ensure the systems work properly. This could affect many travel agents; some have already closed, as they cannot compete with the competition that is being given from online organisations. Some companies may choose to integrate, but this can also lead to a loss in jobs, as the amount of staff required maybe lower. As I mentioned previously, computers have been used in the airline and airport sector for many years. Airlines now use computers in a different way. Thanks to the advances in technology, passengers can now check in using a kiosk within the terminal building and at Waterloo Station, London, when travelling with British Airways. It is also possible to check in online 24 hours before a flight departure. The introduction of check in kiosks will inevitably mean that fewer customer service agents will be required. Not all development within the industry will lead to loss of jobs; one example of this is Terminal 5 at Heathrow Airport. More staff will be employed when British Airways moves all of its flights and services from Terminal 1 & 4 to Terminal 5. More staff will be employed to work within shops, stations and facilities that will be available to customers when the terminal opens in 2008. Aircraft are also becoming more technologically advanced, two of the world biggest aircraft manufactures, Boeing and Airbus are developing new aircraft that will changed the way passengers travel. The Airbus A380 will become the largest civil aircraft in the world; and will have a maximum captivity will be 840 passengers. Singapore Airlines among others will be modifying the cabin to included bars, shops and gyms that will require staff to attend and maintain while in the air. There will be more career opportunities such as cabin crew and aircraft pilot when the new aircraft are introduced into service. An extension of aircraft is the possibility of space travel. Staff that will be employed for space travel will have to be trained to a higher level of health and safety and will be specialised in the working of and running of the craft. Visitor attractions have been using technology to their advantage. The safety of rides in theme parks can closely be monitored with computers, if a hazard occurs it can be located quickly and action can be taken. This will reduced the amount of mechanics needed to look after the rides. Technology has also allowed rides to have a higher thrill factor without compromising the safety of riders. Thorpe Park is the first theme park in the world to have a ten-loop roller coaster. It is kept safe with the use of computers, so that the ride operators can ensure high levels of safety.

Topic Areas of Environmental Sociology

Topic Areas of Environmental Sociology Environmental sociology is a subfield of the wider discipline in which researchers and theorists focus on the relationships between society and the environment. The subfield took shape following the environmental movement of the 1960s. Within this subfield, sociologists might examine specific institutions and structures like law, politics, and economy, and their relationships to environmental conditions; and also on the relationship between group behavior and environmental conditions, like for example the environmental implications of waste disposal and recycling. Importantly, environmental sociologists also study how environmental conditions affect the everyday lives, economic livelihood, and public health of populations. Environmental Sociology Topic Areas Climate change  is arguably the most important topic of research among environmental sociologists today. Sociologists investigate the human, economic, and political causes of climate change, and they investigate the effects that climate change has on many aspects of social life, like behavior, culture, values, and the economic health of populations experiencing its effects. Central to the sociological approach to climate change is the study of the relationship between economy and environment. A key analytic focus within this subfield is the particular effects that a capitalist economyone premised on continual growthhas on the environment. Environmental sociologists who study this relationship might focus on the implications of consumption of natural resources in processes of production, and methods of production and resource recapture that aim to be sustainable, among other things. The relationship between energy and environment is another important topic among environmental sociologists today. This relationship is intimately connected to the first two listed, as the burning of fossil fuels to power industry is recognized by climate scientists to be the central driver of global warming, and thus climate change. Some environmental sociologists who focus on energy study the way different populations think about energy use and its implications, and how their behavior is connected to these ideas; and they might study the way energy policy shapes behavior and outcomes. Politics, law, and public policy, and the relationships these have to environmental conditions and problems are also areas of focus among environmental sociologists. As institutions and structures that shape corporate and individual behavior, they have indirect effects on the environment. Sociologists who focus on these areas investigate topics like the extent to which and through what mechanisms laws regarding emissions and pollution are enforced; how people act collectively to shape them; and the forms of power that might enable or prevent them from doing so, among other things. Many environmental sociologists study the relationship between social behavior and environment. In this area there is a large degree of overlap between environmental sociology and the sociology of consumption, as many sociologists recognize the important and consequential relationships between consumerism  and consumer behavior, and environmental problems and solutions. Environmental sociologists also examine how social behaviors, like the  use of transportation, consumption of energy, and waste and recycling practices, shape environmental outcomes, as well as how environmental conditions shape social behavior. Another important area of focus among environmental sociologists is the relationship between inequality and environment. Numerous studies have documented that income, racial, and gender inequality make the populations that experience them more likely to experience negative environmental outcomes like pollution, proximity to waste, and lack of access to natural resources. The study of environmental racism is, in fact, a specific area of focus within environmental sociology. Environmental sociologists continue to study these relationships today, and the way populations and institutions respond to them, and they also examine them on a global scale, looking at the way populations among nations have differing relationships to the environment based on relative privilege and wealth. Notable Environmental Sociologists Notable environmental sociologists today include John Bellamy Foster, John Foran, Christine Shearer, Richard Widick, and Kari Marie Norgaard. The late Dr. William Freudenberg is considered an important pioneer in this subfield who made great contributions to it, and Indian scientists and activist Vandana Shiva is considered an honorary environmental sociologist by many. Where to Find More Information on Environmental Sociology To learn more about this vibrant and growing subfield of sociology, visit the website for the American Sociological Associations section on Environment and Technology, and review the research published in journals like  Environmental Sociology, Human Ecology, Nature and Culture, Organization and Environment, Population and Environment, Rural Sociology, and Society and Natural Resources. Students interested in pursuing environmental sociology will find many undergraduate programs with a focus in this area, as well as an increasing number of graduate sociology and interdisciplinary programs that offer specialized study and training.

Real life Essay Example

Real life Essay Example Real life Essay Real life Essay A good current affair example of conformity could be the incidents which took place in Abu Ghraib which I discussed in detail within task 1.It is possible that not all the soldiers that got involved in these horrendous activities would of done this if they hadnt felt a group pressure to do so. Obedience: Obedience can be easily confused with conformity and sometimes the meaning can seem very similar but the main difference is that in obedience differently to conformity you are actually instructed to do something and what you personally think about it or is you disagree is irrelevant whereas in conformity you arent told to do anything you are choosing to behave in a way that will most probably comply with what you believe that the majority would rather you do.In obedience you are being told what to do by someone of a higher status than you. In conformity you feel the psychological need to be accepted by others. I would personally define obedience as the action of following the instructions received by a superior, regardless of your personal feelings towards this. Being ordered or instructed to behave in a specific way: Obedience involves a person in authority telling you to do something or to behave n a specific way.You may not want to do this but as you are in a lower rank to the person ordering you have to carry these activities out regardless of your personal views. An example may be for example within the RAF a person in a higher rank may say to you Get rid of those side burns and although you may not want to you will do this. This shows that you are moulding your behaviour to what you are told to, regardless of what you personally want.Ordered by someone in higher authority: If somebody that was in the same social level s you and had the same authority as you, ordered you to do something you didnt want to do, you w ould be much less likely to carry this request out. In obedience it is important that the person giving the order has authority over the person being ordered.Involves social power and status: You are more likely to obey somebodys commands if you believe them to have more social power and status than you. You will see them as higher class people and will want to be respectful and follow their orders. A great example of this is that within Milgrams study it was found that people were more likely to obey if the person in charge was looked more professional or more important, in this case it was if they wore a white coat (doctors) this gave them a sense of importance and power. I will now write about two social studies carried out to investigate how people obey to authority and what affects this. Firstly I will explain an experiment carried out by Milgram.He placed a newspaper advertisement offering $4.50 for an hours work, in response to this an individual turns up to take part in a Ps ychology experiment investigating memory and learning. He is introduced to a stern looking experimenter in a white coat and a rather pleasant and friendly co-subject. The experimenter explains that the experiment will look into the role of punishment in learning, and that one will be the teacher and one will be the learner. Lots are drawn to determine roles, and it is decided that the individual who answered the ad will become the teacher. (The drawing of lots was rigged, so that the actor would always end up as the learner.)Your co-subject is taken to a room where he is strapped in a chair to prevent movement and an electrode is placed on his arm. Next, the teacher is taken to an adjoining room which contains a generator. The teacher is instructed to read a list of two word pairs and ask the learner to read them back. If the learner gets the answer correct, then they move on to the next word. If the answer is incorrect, the teacher is supposed to shock the learner starting at 15 vo lts.The generator has 30 switches in 15 volt augmentations; each is labelled with a voltage ranging from 15 up to 450 volts. Each switch also has a rating, ranging from slight shock to danger: severe shock. The final two switches are labelled XXX. The teacher automatically is supposed to increase the shock each time the learner misses a word in the list. Although the teacher thought that he/she was administering shocks to the learner, the learner is actually a student or an actor who is never actually harmed.It was found that at times, the worried teachers questioned the experimenter, asking who was responsible for any harmful effects resulting from shocking the learner at such a high level. Upon receiving the answer that the experimenter assumed full responsibility, teachers seemed to accept the response and continue shocking, even though some were obviously extremely uncomfortable in doing so.The theory that only the most ghastly monsters on the merciless fringe of society would s ubmit to such cruelty is disclaimed. Findings show that, two-thirds of this studies participants fall into the category of obedient subjects, and that they represent ordinary people drawn from the working, managerial, and professional classes (Obedience to Authority). Ultimately 65% of all of the teachers punished the learners to the maximum 450 volts. No subject stopped before reaching 300 volts.Here I have included an image of how the experiment was laid out: Milgram also conducted several follow-up experiments to determine what might change the likelihood of maximum shock delivery. In one condition, the touch-proximity condition, the teacher was required to hold the hand of the learner on a shock plate in order to give him shocks above 150 volts. The most interesting finding from this follow-up experiment is that 32% of the subjects in the proximity-touch condition held the hand of the learner on the shock plate while administering shocks in excess of 400 volts. Further experimen ts showed that teachers were less obedient when the experimenter communicated with them via the telephone versus in person, and males were just as likely to be obedient as females, although females tended to be more nervous.There was another main study carried out to analyze obedience in a real life scenario, this was done in a hospital with nurses. It was conducted in the following way the study was set in a psychiatric hospital in the America. The participants were 22 nurses on night duty. An unknown doctor, who was a confederate, telephoned the hospital and spoke to a nurse. He instructed them to give medication to a patient. The medication was a drug with a maximum dosage of 10Mg (which was shown on the label of the bottle).The doctor instructed the nurse to give a dosage of 20Mg to the patient and said that he would sign the relevant authorisation papers when he arrived in the hospital in 10 minutes time. It was hospital rules to not take these kinds of orders on the telephone. This was done with each of the 22 nurses. The result was that 21/22 of the nurses obeyed the telephone instruction and began to prepare the medication before they were stopped and the situation was explained to them.

Family Resilience Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Family Resilience Assessment - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that family resilience and the concept behind it range beyond our comprehension of healthy family functioning to circumstances of adversity.  The assumption, however, is that there is no universal model that adequately fits all families and their situations due to their unique nature. The fact that some situations strengthen some families and increase their resourcefulness, while others crumble under the stress and pressure associated with the crises, serves to prove that there is no universal reaction that is guaranteed when faced with adversity. A family is a structure where there are rules to adhere to and specified roles to play by each of the members of the unit. There is a certain expectation as regards how the members of the system respond to each other with respect to their roles and are defined by the agreements of their relationships. Within the confines of the system, the development of patterns is seen in scenarios where a par ticular family member causes predictable behavioral influences in other family members and is also influenced by the behavioral traits of the rest of the family. Continuing the same trend of behaviors within a system may bring about balance in the family system, but also there is the risk of growing dysfunctional. For instance, if a spouse is forced to assume the responsibilities of the other for one reason or the other, the shift in roles could have adverse effects on the family system brought about by the equilibrium shift as a result of overreaching roles. My current nuclear family is characterized by a system of genuine family support, and mutual responsibilities in our respective roles. My live-in girlfriend, who we have been together for three and a half years, has three kids whom I absolutely adore, despite the fact that am not their biological father. Thanks to her kids, I have received a new lease in life by becoming a grand daddy-by-girlfriend. This has given me the chance to see a child grow, and I am grateful for this especially since I miss out on raising my own daughter and see her grow up. My relationship with my ex-family is nothing to write home about as no special bond exists. The quality of life back when I was still married to Sonia was horrible. The infidelity by my wife, now my ex-wife, nearly drove me to ruins, and the fact that she abandoned me while bedridden in the hospital and took off with our daughter did not make this easier. It actually made things worse, and this experience coupled with the horrible and abu sive childhood I had, was a suicide in waiting. Growing up surrounded by a mother who hated men, and two sisters who had been taught to loathe men, my childhood was doomed from the start. The fact that I did not have any functional relationship with any of my relatives from either side of my parents families meant that I was stuck with the only family I knew. Describe and discuss the key processes of family resilience: Belief Systems, Organizational Patterns, Communication Processes as they apply to yourself and your family. Belief Systems The members of a family are able to derive some meaning from circumstances of crisis, and therefore foster a positive and a hopeful outlook. This is, however, dependent on the family’s attitude towards the suffering, crises and the options available to them. In my case, making the best out of hard situations was not easy, not that it was expected anyway. It took me a while before I could see clearly that I had to change my attitude towards living a better quality life. Initially, before I got my act together, I dwelled on the issues that faced me instead of trying to find a way to stop myself from suffocating. Once I understood that the only way to move on was to accept my

International business class (Discussion Board) Assignment - 5

International business class (Discussion Board) - Assignment Example es-spatial proximity of upstream and downstream industries enhances the sharing of information and this enables a continuous sharing of ideas and innovation, which can create competitive bias in a certain type of industry. Factor conditions- against the traditional thought, he argued that key factor of production are created and not inherited. The key factors are skilled labour, capita and infrastructure. These are the ones that can create a competitive advantage. He referred to those factors as the â€Å"diamond of national advantage†, by implication he asserted that it is the inter-linkage of these factors that would actually precede the attainment of the competitive advantage. Further, he pointed out that government policy and the chance of event had a role to play in the inter-linkage and hence a national competitive advantage factor. Texas cotton farmers have in recent years been facing stiff competition from other overseas farmers, particularly China and India. The provision of subsidy-government policy, a factor that affects the inter-linkage of other factors may have tilted productions in favour of the Asian giants. However, demand conditions in the American market for cotton products, new business strategies being employed and the existence of a system of powerful infrastructural development in the region might tilt the scale in their favor. The four advanced factors that Porter writes about are Demand Conditions, Related and Supporting Industries, Factor Conditions, and Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry. Texas cotton farmers were able to use Porters Diamond model to redefine their business strategy in order to remain competitive. One of the ways they did this was to upgrade on their machines and technologies. This propelled them into the new millennium and provided support for them to remain competitive in the national and global market. This helped them build up the industry into a new more effective and efficient operation. So national brands

Ammendments to the bill of rights of the US Constitution Essay

Ammendments to the bill of rights of the US Constitution - Essay Example Bill of Rights is the synonym of freedom to American citizens. The rights and freedoms that are covered under the Bill of Rights involve, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of the Press, Freedom of Assembly, Freedom to keep and Bear Arms, Freedom of Religion and Protection for that Accused of Crimes. Other crucial rights covered by Bill of Rights include Freedom to petition as well as the rights to save themselves from unreasonable search, seizure and cruel and unusual punishment. Citizens of United States are also entitled to the rights against compelled self-incrimination. The Bill of Rights limits the powers of the federal government in United States. These restrictions on the rights of the government boost up the rights of the citizens, visitors, and other temporary residents in the nation. Bill of Rights guarantees several crucial enumerated rights to the citizens. These amendments also control the government from making any new laws that respect the establishment of religion. These ame ndments also ensure that the government does not seize anybody’s life, property or freedom unless it happens by the processes of the law. Bill of Rights ensure that the Congress do not make any citizen deprive of his life and liberty. In the matter of criminal cases only the indictment by grand jury can deal a capital (infamous) crime. These special freedom rights ensure a speedy public trial on these cases using a local or impartial jury. These rights also ensure there never occurs a double jeopardy. The Fifth Amendment upholds the rights of people in this case. Majority of the Bill of Rights were applied to the nation by a sequence of decisions that include the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. These were included after the American Civil War. The Bill of Rights is a fundamental symbol of the freedom, liberty, independence and choice of the nation. Bill of Rights was first prepared in 1789 by James Madison and was drafted during a period when there happened nu merous ideological misunderstandings between Federalists and anti-Federalists. These ideological conflicts had started since the 1787 Philadelphia Convention. These conflicts and the associated problems questioned the Constitution's ratification. The Bill of Rights is closely associated with the 1689 English Bill of Rights, George Mason's 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, English political documents like Magna Carta (1215) and the other important documents that were associated with the natural rights. The Bill of Rights answered all questions related to the freedom of citizens and was a big challenge to the celebrated founding fathers who completely forgot to include the basic principles of human liberty in the constitution. The Bill of Rights is too important for American citizens, American law and the government. You can find a copy of the Bill of Rights available for public display in the National Archives in Washington, D.C.. There are fourteen original copies of the Bill of Rights. December 15 is considered as the ‘Bill of Rights Day’ as per the declaration of the Former President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Bill of Rights ensures any abuse of power from the part of the government. Citizens enjoy various types of freedom through the Bill of Right